The images below record BIC25 — Forging Digital Money in the Tokenisation Era: Reshaping Legal Tender? — as it unfolded over three days in Florence, 8–10 May 2025, across the Aula Magna of the Rector's Office Building, the Social Sciences Campus and Villa Ruspoli. Each session page links to its video recording and citable Zenodo record; this page preserves the conference as it was lived.

Photographs by Andrea Pecchioli (8 and 10 May) and Serena Gallorini (9 May) as Fotoproject.

Day 1 — Thursday 8 May

Opening ceremony, keynote by Iris Chiu, and the roundtable "Redefining Money — Evolving Legal Frameworks in the Token Economy". Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building.

The Aula Magna of the Rector's Office Building before the conference began. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Aula Magna of the Rector's Office Building before the conference began. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The student team supporting the Organising Committee welcomes guests at the Welcome Desk, antechamber of the Aula Magna. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The student team supporting the Organising Committee welcomes guests at the Welcome Desk, antechamber of the Aula Magna. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Giappichelli publishing stand in the antechamber of the Aula Magna, displaying the Routledge volume co-edited by Filippo Zatti and Rosa Giovanna Barresi. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Giappichelli publishing stand in the antechamber of the Aula Magna, displaying the Routledge volume co-edited by Filippo Zatti and Rosa Giovanna Barresi. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti and Mauro Lombardi with Alessandra Petrucci, Rector of the University of Florence, in the antechamber of the Aula Magna. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti and Mauro Lombardi with Alessandra Petrucci, Rector of the University of Florence, in the antechamber of the Aula Magna. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Rector Alessandra Petrucci delivering the official greetings. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Rector Alessandra Petrucci delivering the official greetings. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Enrico Leone, EBI Chancellor, during the official welcoming ceremony. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Enrico Leone, EBI Chancellor, during the official welcoming ceremony. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Maria Elvira Mancino, Head of the Department of Economics and Management (DISEI), welcoming participants remotely. Opening session, Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Maria Elvira Mancino, Head of the Department of Economics and Management (DISEI), welcoming participants remotely. Opening session, Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Aula Magna during the opening remarks. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Aula Magna during the opening remarks. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Iris Chiu (UCL) delivering the opening keynote address remotely. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Iris Chiu (UCL) delivering the opening keynote address remotely. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Speakers follow the official greetings: Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel (centre) with Yuri Biondi, Panagiotis Papapaschalis and Arthur Rossi. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Speakers follow the official greetings: Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel (centre) with Yuri Biondi, Panagiotis Papapaschalis and Arthur Rossi. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sebastian Omlor, Dirk Zetzsche, Ross Buckley and Rolf H. Weber. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sebastian Omlor, Dirk Zetzsche, Ross Buckley and Rolf H. Weber. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

César Pérez-Chirinos Sanz (Bank of Spain) in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

César Pérez-Chirinos Sanz (Bank of Spain) in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Participants during the networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Participants during the networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office: Chiara Ferri (centre) with Yuri Biondi and Rolf H. Weber. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office: Chiara Ferri (centre) with Yuri Biondi and Rolf H. Weber. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Biscuits bearing the Florentine iris at the networking break before the first roundtable. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Biscuits bearing the Florentine iris at the networking break before the first roundtable. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Enrico Leone (EBI Chancellor) and Mauro Lombardi (BABEL) in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Enrico Leone (EBI Chancellor) and Mauro Lombardi (BABEL) in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Rolf H. Weber with Aurelia Birne in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Rolf H. Weber with Aurelia Birne in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Christian Pfister and Marino Vollenweider during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Christian Pfister and Marino Vollenweider during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Claudio J. Tessone during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Claudio J. Tessone during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Mauro Lombardi during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Mauro Lombardi during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Vincenzo Vespri during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Vincenzo Vespri during the networking break. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Participants during the networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Participants during the networking break in the cloister of the Rector's Office. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The opening roundtable. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The opening roundtable. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Christos Gortsos chairing the opening roundtable, with the historic gonfalone of Florence in the foreground. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Christos Gortsos chairing the opening roundtable, with the historic gonfalone of Florence in the foreground. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sebastian Omlor and Christos Gortsos during the Roundtable “Redefining Money—Evolving Legal Frameworks in the Token Economy”. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sebastian Omlor and Christos Gortsos during the Roundtable “Redefining Money—Evolving Legal Frameworks in the Token Economy”. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

At the roundtable table: Sebastian Omlor, Christos Gortsos, Rolf H. Weber and Dirk Zetzsche. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

At the roundtable table: Sebastian Omlor, Christos Gortsos, Rolf H. Weber and Dirk Zetzsche. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Joining the opening roundtable remotely: Franklin Noll, Ruth Plato-Shinar, Caroline Kleiner and Rosa María Lastra. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Joining the opening roundtable remotely: Franklin Noll, Ruth Plato-Shinar, Caroline Kleiner and Rosa María Lastra. Aula Magna, Rector's Office Building, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Reyes Palá Laguna, Rosa Giovanna Barresi and Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Reyes Palá Laguna, Rosa Giovanna Barresi and Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel. Florence, 8 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Day 2 — Friday 9 May

Four panels at the Social Sciences Campus — from monetary policy implications to global regulatory coordination — followed by the conference gala evening at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino.

Reception desk with conference lanyards. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Reception desk with conference lanyards. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

BIC25 conference merchandise. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

BIC25 conference merchandise. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Entrance to the conference hall at the Social Sciences Campus. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Entrance to the conference hall at the Social Sciences Campus. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Introducing the speakers of Panel 1 “Digital Legal Tender—Implications for Monetary Policy and Financial System Stability”. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Introducing the speakers of Panel 1 “Digital Legal Tender—Implications for Monetary Policy and Financial System Stability”. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Seraina Grünewald (University of St. Gallen & EBI) in discussion with Christos Gortsos and Filippo Zatti during Panel 1. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Seraina Grünewald (University of St. Gallen & EBI) in discussion with Christos Gortsos and Filippo Zatti during Panel 1. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Douglas Arner (University of Hong Kong & EBI) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Douglas Arner (University of Hong Kong & EBI) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Marko Dimitrijević (University of Niš) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Marko Dimitrijević (University of Niš) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Heng Wang (SMU) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Heng Wang (SMU) joining Panel 1 remotely. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Vespri introducing the speakers of Panel 2 “Technological Challenges in the Implementation of Digital Currencies”. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Vespri introducing the speakers of Panel 2 “Technological Challenges in the Implementation of Digital Currencies”. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Geoffrey Goodell (UCL) taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Geoffrey Goodell (UCL) taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Q&A during Panel 2. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Q&A during Panel 2. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Christos Hadjiemmanuil in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Christos Hadjiemmanuil in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Jürgen Schaaf (ECB) in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Jürgen Schaaf (ECB) in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

“The conference will resume in…”: the BIC25 fleur-de-lis countdown during the lunch break. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

“The conference will resume in…”: the BIC25 fleur-de-lis countdown during the lunch break. Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti with the sound engineer at the end of a session; Rolf H. Weber on the right. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti with the sound engineer at the end of a session; Rolf H. Weber on the right. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Introducing the panellists of Panel 3. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Introducing the panellists of Panel 3. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Panel 3 at the table: Reyes Palá Laguna, Yuri Biondi, Seraina Grünewald, Andreas Bielig and Christos Hadjiemmanuil. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Panel 3 at the table: Reyes Palá Laguna, Yuri Biondi, Seraina Grünewald, Andreas Bielig and Christos Hadjiemmanuil. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Panel 3 “Balancing Innovation and Oversight—Regulatory Approaches to Digital Legal Tender” with Bielig taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Panel 3 “Balancing Innovation and Oversight—Regulatory Approaches to Digital Legal Tender” with Bielig taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Christos Hadjiemmanuil (University of Piraeus, LSE & EBI) on screen; Panel 3 at the table. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Christos Hadjiemmanuil (University of Piraeus, LSE & EBI) on screen; Panel 3 at the table. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The networking area at the Social Sciences Campus. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The networking area at the Social Sciences Campus. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Andrea Bracciali, Christian Pfister, Jürgen Schaaf and Fernanda Faini (BABEL Steering Committee). Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Andrea Bracciali, Christian Pfister, Jürgen Schaaf and Fernanda Faini (BABEL Steering Committee). Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The networking area at the Social Sciences Campus with Goodell in the foreground. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The networking area at the Social Sciences Campus with Goodell in the foreground. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Rosa Giovanna Barresi (University of Florence & BABEL), chair of Panel 4, in the foreground. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Rosa Giovanna Barresi (University of Florence & BABEL), chair of Panel 4, in the foreground. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel (UC3M) speaking. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Teresa Rodríguez de Las Heras Ballel (UC3M) speaking. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Shuji Kobayakawa and Deepankar Roy, speakers of Panel 4, behind the table at the end of the session. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Shuji Kobayakawa and Deepankar Roy, speakers of Panel 4, behind the table at the end of the session. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The panellists of Panel 4 “Global Regulatory Coordination Strategies for Digital Currencies”, with Ross Buckley taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The panellists of Panel 4 “Global Regulatory Coordination Strategies for Digital Currencies”, with Ross Buckley taking the floor. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Poonam Puri (York University) speaking. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Poonam Puri (York University) speaking. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Jürgen Schaaf in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Jürgen Schaaf in the spotlight. Sala Convegni, Social Sciences Campus, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The welcome desk at the conference gala evening; Vincenzo Vespri in the foreground. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

The welcome desk at the conference gala evening; Vincenzo Vespri in the foreground. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Miguel Fernández Ordóñez at the conference gala evening. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Miguel Fernández Ordóñez at the conference gala evening. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Gala dinner at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, ahead of Roberto Bolle's “Caravaggio”. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Gala dinner at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, ahead of Roberto Bolle's “Caravaggio”. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

At the gala evening: Zambelli (BABEL Board) with Mauro Lombardi's wife. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

At the gala evening: Zambelli (BABEL Board) with Mauro Lombardi's wife. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti (BIC25 Chair) with Claudio Becagli (BABEL Council, University of Florence) at the conference gala evening. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Filippo Zatti (BIC25 Chair) with Claudio Becagli (BABEL Council, University of Florence) at the conference gala evening. Florence, 9 May 2025. Photo: Serena Gallorini / Fotoproject.

Day 3 — Saturday 10 May

The closing roundtable "Charting the Course — Collaborative Strategies for the Future of Digital Money", the closing keynote by Gérardine Goh Escolar, and the farewell at Villa Ruspoli.

The closing roundtable, chaired by Gérardine Goh Escolar (HCCH). Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The closing roundtable, chaired by Gérardine Goh Escolar (HCCH). Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Arthur Rossi at the table and Marcello Miccoli on screen during the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Arthur Rossi at the table and Marcello Miccoli on screen during the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Marcello Miccoli (International Monetary Fund) joining the closing roundtable remotely. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Marcello Miccoli (International Monetary Fund) joining the closing roundtable remotely. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The closing roundtable, chaired by Gérardine Goh Escolar (HCCH). Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The closing roundtable, chaired by Gérardine Goh Escolar (HCCH). Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Fabio Araujo (Banco Central do Brasil) joining the closing roundtable remotely. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Fabio Araujo (Banco Central do Brasil) joining the closing roundtable remotely. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Miguel Fernández Ordóñez (former Governor of the Bank of Spain) speaking at the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Miguel Fernández Ordóñez (former Governor of the Bank of Spain) speaking at the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sandra Švaljek (HNB Deputy Governor) in the spotlight. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Sandra Švaljek (HNB Deputy Governor) in the spotlight. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Closing roundtable speakers at the table: Miguel Fernández Ordóñez, Sandra Švaljek and Panagiotis Papapaschalis. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Closing roundtable speakers at the table: Miguel Fernández Ordóñez, Sandra Švaljek and Panagiotis Papapaschalis. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Shuji Kobayakawa (Meiji University) puts a question from the floor during the Q&A. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Shuji Kobayakawa (Meiji University) puts a question from the floor during the Q&A. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The BIC25 “Numismatic Aura” fleur-de-lis on the speakers' table monitor. Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The BIC25 “Numismatic Aura” fleur-de-lis on the speakers' table monitor. Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The audience applauds at the end of the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The audience applauds at the end of the closing roundtable. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Closing roundtable speakers at the table: Gérardine Goh Escolar, Arthur Rossi and Marino Vollenweider. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Closing roundtable speakers at the table: Gérardine Goh Escolar, Arthur Rossi and Marino Vollenweider. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Closing Roundtable “Charting the Course—Collaborative Strategies for the Future of Digital Money” in progress, with the projection screen and full speakers' table. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The Closing Roundtable “Charting the Course—Collaborative Strategies for the Future of Digital Money” in progress, with the projection screen and full speakers' table. Sala Rossa, Villa Ruspoli, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Speakers and participants of BIC25 gathered at Villa Ruspoli. Florence, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

Speakers and participants of BIC25 gathered at Villa Ruspoli. Florence, 10 May 2025. Photo: Andrea Pecchioli / Fotoproject.

The complete photographic record of BIC25 — over 800 images — is preserved on